|
Power Density
|
Reported Biological Effects
|
References: Primary/(Secondary)
|
|
0.00001 μW/m2
|
Altered EEG in human subjects
|
Brise 1978 (Firstenberg, Bevington)
|
|
0.0001 μW/m2
|
Effects on immune system in mice
|
Bundyuk 1994 (Firstenberg)
|
|
0.0002 μW/m2
|
Stimulation of ovulation in chickens
|
Kondra
1970 (Firstenberg)
|
|
0.05
μW/m2
|
Effect
on cell growth in yeast
|
Grundler
1992 (Firstenberg)
|
|
0.1
μW/m2
|
Conditioned
“avoidance” reflex in rats
|
Kositsky
2001 (Firstenberg)
|
|
~7
μW/m2
|
(0.05V/m)
Adverse health effects around GSM 1800
|
Eger
/ Naila study (Bevington)
|
|
20
μW/m2
|
Sleep
disorders, abnormal blood pressure, nervousness, weakness,
fatigue, limb pain, joint pain, digestive problems, fewer
schoolchildren promoted—controlled study near a shortwave
transmitter
|
Altpeter
1995,
1997
(Firstenberg)
|
|
20
to 7000μW/m2
|
Behavior
disorders, increased health problems, and reduced milk yield in
cows near TV and cell phone transmission antenna
|
Loscher
W, Kas G 1998 (Lai)
|
|
100
μW/m2
|
A
study of medical complaints of people with long-term exposure in
their homes: Over 100 µW/m2 only 5-6% of the
sample (172 people) did not experience adverse health effects.
|
Oberfranken
2005
|
|
600
μW/m2
|
Altered
EEG, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism,
enlarged
adrenals, altered adrenal hormone levels,
structural
changes in liver, spleen, testes, and brain—in white rats
and rabbits
|
Dumanskij
1974 (Firstenberg)
|
|
600
μW/m2
|
Slowing
of the heart, change in EEG in rabbits
|
Serkyuk,
reported
in
McRee 1980 (Firstenberg)
|
|
1
mW/m2
|
(0.6V/m)
X3 cancer rate at <400m from
a phone mast
|
Eger
(Naila study) 2004
(Bevington)
|
|
1
to 18 mW/m2
|
Decreased
life span, impaired reproduction, structural and developmental
abnormalities in duckweed plants
|
Magone
1996 (Firstenberg)
|
|
1.3
mW/m2
|
Decreased
cell growth (human epithelial amnion cells)
|
Kwee
1997 (Firstenberg)
|
|
1.68
– 10.53 mW/m2
|
Irreversible
infertility in mice after 5 generations
of
exposure to RFR from "antenna park"
|
Magras
& Xenos, 1997 (Sage, Lai)
|
|
1.6
mW/m2 (0.78V/m)
|
Skrunda
radar (Latvia) affects children’s memory, attention, motor
function
|
Kolodynski,
1996 (Sage, Bevington)
|
|
<2.7
mW/m2
|
(<1V/m)
<350m phone mast: x4 cancer, x10 female
cancer
|
Wolf & Wolf 2004
(Bevington)
|
|
<2.7
mW/m2
|
(<1V/m)
3G phone mast: cognitive
impairment, muscular pains, headaches, dizziness,
|
Zwamborn
2003
(Bevington)
|
|
~2.7mW/m2
to 6.0 mW/m2
|
(~1.0-1.5
V/m) < 400m phone mast : x3 risk of
cancer 10 years
|
Navarro
2003, Oberfeld 2004, Santini 2002 (Bevington)
|
|
2
- 80 mW/m2
|
Two-fold
increase in childhood leukemia / RFR
exposure
to AM/FM towers
|
Hocking,
1996 (Sage, Lai)
|
|
3-16.4
mW/m2
|
Children
exposed to 154 to 162 MHz had a reduction in memory/attention,
motor runction, and reflexes compared to controls
|
(Santini)
|
|
6
mW/m2
|
Change
in calcium ion efflux from brain tissue
|
Dutta
1986 (Firstenberg)
|
|
6
mW/m2
|
Cardiac
arrhythmias and sometimes cardiac arrest
(frogs)
|
Frey
1968 (Firstenberg)
|
|
8
and 80 mW/m2
|
Increased
activity of alkaline phosphatase activity in guinea pigs (2375
MHz)
|
Pashovkina
MS et al, 2000 (Lai)
|
|
10
mW/m2
|
Whole
body microwave irradiation of male mice
caused
a significant effect on the immune system
|
Fesenko,
1999 (Sage, Lai)
|
|
10
mW/m2
|
Irradiation
(5 hours) with low-power microwaves
stimulates
the immune potential of macrophages
and
T cells
|
Novoselova,
1999 (Sage, Lai)
|
|
10
mW/m2
|
Headache,
dizziness, irritability, fatigue, weakness,
insomnia,
chest pain, difficulty breathing, indigestion (humans—occupational
exposure)
|
Simonenko
1998 (Firstenberg)
|
|
10
mW/m2
|
Stimulation
of white cells in guinea pigs
|
Shandala
1978 (Firstenberg)
|
|
10
– 24 mW/m2
|
Chronic
irradiation of American Embassy in Moscow of 600 MHz to 9.5 GHz
resulted in increased risk of leukemia and uterine cancer
|
(Santini)
|
|
13
- 57 mW/m2
|
Two-fold
increase in leukemia in adults from AM RF exposure
|
Dolk,
1997 (Sage)
|
|
20
mW/m2
|
“Microwave
hearing”—clicking, buzzing, chirping,
hissing,
or high-pitched tones
|
Frey
1963, 1969,1971, 1973, 1988, Justeson 1979,
Olsen
1980, Wieske 1963,
Lin
1978 (Firstenberg)
|
|
25
mW/m2
|
Breakdown
of blood-brain barrier (used a digital cellular phone to provide
the radiation)
|
Salford
1997 (Firstenberg)
|
|
-40
mW/m2
|
Altered
white blood cell activity in schoolchildren
|
Chiang
1989 (Firstenberg)
|
|
~20-40
mW/m2
|
Direct
effect of RFR on ion channels in
cells/opening
of acetycholine channels
|
D'Inzeo,
1988 (Sage)
|
|
40-100
mW/m2
|
Visual
reaction time in children is slowed//lower
memory
function in tests
|
Chiang,
1989 (Sage)
|
|
~50
– 100 mW/m2
|
(4.3-6.1V/m)
x10 leukaemia, x6 NHL
|
Szmigielski
1996 (Bevington)
|
|
50
mW/m2
|
Exposure
of pregnant rats to GSM-like 940 MHz radiation results in aberrant
expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in the kidneys of
newborn rats
|
Pyrpasopoulou
et al, 2004 (Panagopoulos-Margaritis)
|
|
50-1200
mW/m2
|
Increased
mortality of avian embryos
|
Xenos
and Magras, 2003 (Panagopoulos-Margaritis)
|
|
50
mW/m2
|
Biochemical
and histological changes in liver, heart,
kidney,
and brain tissue
|
Belokrinitskiy
l982 (Firstenberg)
|
|
50
- 100 mW/m2
|
Impaired
nervous system activity
|
Dumansky,
1974 (Sage, Bevington)
|
|
50
mW/m2
|
Leukemia,
skin melanoma and bladder cancer near TV and FM transmitter
|
Dolk
1997 (Firstenberg)
|
|
66 mW/m2
|
(5V/m)
Decreased sperm count
|
Adey 1982 (Bevington)
|
|
100
mW/m2
|
Decreased
size of litter, increased number of stillborns in mice
|
Il’Chevich
(reported in
McRee
1980) (Firstenberg)
|
|
100
mW/m2
|
Redistribution
of metals in the lungs, brain, heart, liver, kidney, muscles,
spleen, bones, skin, blood
|
Shutenko
1981 (Firstenberg)
|
|
100
mW/m2 (0.0027 W/Kg SAR)
|
Changes
in active avoidance conditioned reflex
(behavioral
change) after 0.5 hour exposure
|
Navakatikian,
1994 (Sage)
|
|
100-200
mW/m2
|
Increase
in micronuclei (abberant DNA form)
found
in workers chronically exposed to microwaves at 1250-1350 MHz.
|
Garaj-Vrhovac,
1999 (Sage, Bevington)
|
|
100
- 250 mW/m2
|
Changes
in the hippocampus of the brain
|
Belokrinitsky,
1982 (Sage)
|
|
200
mW/m2
|
900
MHz pulsed with 217 Hz result in slight transient elevation in
cortisol production
|
Mann,
K et al 1998 (Lai)
|
|
300
mW/m2 (0.015 W/Kg SAR)
|
Immune
system effects - elevation of PFC count
(antibody-producing
cells)
|
Veyret,
1991 (Sage)
|
|
500
mW/m2
|
An
18% reduction in REM sleep (important to
memory
and learning functions)
|
Mann,
1996 (Sage)
|
|
1000mW/m2
|
Changes
in immune system function
|
Elekes,
1996 (Sage)
|
|
1000
mW/m2 (0.027 W/Kg SAR)
|
A
24% drop in testosterone after 6 hours exposure
|
Navakatikian,
1994 (Sage)
|
|
10,000.0
mW/m2
|
FCC
Exposure Limit
|
(Firstenberg)
|
| SAR |
Reported Biological Effects
|
References
|
|
0.000021- .0021
W/Kg
|
Changes in cell
cycle and cell proliferation (960 MHz GSM cell phone signal)
|
Kwee, 1997 (Sage)
|
|
0.0004 W/Kg
|
Cell phone RF
caused changes in blood-brain barrier that protects brain from
outside harmful chemicals and toxins ( 915 MHz GSM cell phone)
|
Salford, 1997
(Sage)
|
|
0.0008 W/Kg
|
Increased DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells
|
Kesari and Behari, 2009
(Levitt/Lai)
|
|
0.0004-0.008 W/Kg
|
915 MHz cell phone
RF caused leakage in bloodbrain barrier. Worst at lowest levels
and worse with CW compared to PW with a maximum pathology around
8-50 Hz modulation. 55% of rats exposed to CW but not PW showed
significant pathological changes in BBB at at higher SAR of
1.7-8.3 W/Kg
|
Persson, 1997
(Sage)
|
|
0.001 W/Kg
|
Non-thermal
microwave disruption of weak bonds that maintain the active form
of protein folding at 750 MHz continuous wave may increase free
radicals causing DNA damage and interfere with cell signalling
that controls cell growth. HSP effect is equivalent to a 3 degree
C. heating of tissue.
|
de Pomerai, 2000
(Sage)
|
|
0.0027 W/Kg
|
Changes in active
avoidance conditioned reflex (behavioral change) after 0.5 hour
exposure
|
Navakatikian, 1994
(Sage)
|
|
0.0037 W/Kg
|
Changes in DNA repair mechanisms
|
Belyaev et al, 2009
(Levitt/Lai)
|
|
0.005 W/Kg
|
Increased calcium efflux in human neuroblastoma cells.
|
Dutta et al, 1989
(Levitt/Lai)
|
|
0.018-0.025 W/Kg
|
Increased serum testosterone in rats from GSM-like RFR.
|
Forgacs et al, 2006
(Levitt/Lai)
|
|
0.0024 W/Kg to
0.024 W/Kg
|
Digital cell phone
signals at very low intensities cause DNA effects in human cells.
DNA effects are direct DNA damage and the rate at which DNA is
repaired.
|
Phillips, 1998
(Sage)
|
|
0.026 W/Kg
|
Activity of c-jun
(oncogene product) was altered in cells after only 20 minutes
exposure to cell phone signal (TDMA) showed an average 38%
decrease
|
Ivaschuk, 1997
(Sage)
|
|
0.0317 W/Kg
|
Decrease in eating
and drinking
|
Ray & Behari,
1990 (Sage)
|
|
0.3-0.44 W/Kg
|
Attention function
of brain/responses are speeded up
|
Preece, 2000
Koivisto et al, 2000 (Sage)
|
|
0.3-0.44 W/Kg
|
Cellular phone use
results in changes to cognitive thinking/ mental tasks relaqted to
memory retrieval
|
Krause et al, 2000
(Sage)
|
|
0.037 W/Kg
|
Hyperactivity
caused by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor is countered by
ultra-wide band pulses - 600/sec, 30 min
|
Seamans, 1999
(Sage)
|
|
0.005 to 0.05 W/Kg
|
Increase in calcium
efflux
|
Dutta et al, 1989
(Sage)
|
|
0.121 W/Kg
|
Cardiovascular
system/significant decrease in arterial blood pressure
(hypotension)
|
Lu et al, 1999
(Sage)
|
|
0.14 W/Kg
|
Elevation of immune
response at 100 μW/cm2
|
Elekes, 1996 (Sage)
|
|
0.141 W/Kg
|
Structural changes
in testes/smaller diameter of seminiferous tubules in rats exposed
to cell phone on speech transmission (but not stand-by mode) with
exposure at one minute 3 times per hour for two hours per day for
one month
|
Dasdag, 1999 (Sage)
|
|
0.13 - 1.4 W/Kg
|
Lymphoma cancer
rate is 2 times normal with two ½ hour exposures per dy of
cell phone RFR for 18 months (pulsed digital mobile phone signal
900 MHz)
|
Repacholi, 1997
(Sage)
|
|
0.26 W/Kg
|
Harmful effects to
the eye/certain drugs can sensitize eyes to RFR
|
Kues, 1992 (Sage)
|
|
0.15-0.4 W/Kg
|
Statistically
significant increase in malignant tumors at 480 μW/cm2
|
Chou, 1992 (Sage)
|
|
0.58 - 0.75 W/Kg
|
Decrease in brain
tumors (836 MHz TDMA digital cell phone signal)
|
Adey, 1996 (Sage)
|
|
to 1.0 W/Kg (max)
|
Sleep patterns and
EEG are changed with 900 MHz cell phone exposure during sleep
|
Borbely et al, 1999
(Sage)
|
|
0.6 and 1.2 W/Kg
|
Increase in DNA
single and double strand breaks from RFR exposure (2450 MHz)
|
Lai & Singh,
1996 (Sage)
|
|
2 - 3 W/Kg
|
Cancer acceleration in skin and breast tumors
|
Szmigielski, 1982 (Sage)
|
